Average tazer voltage. The Taser X2 electronic weapon is displayed for a photograph at the Taser International Inc. Average tazer voltage

 
 The Taser X2 electronic weapon is displayed for a photograph at the Taser International IncAverage tazer voltage  A lethal shock can be as low as 100 milliamps through the body

With a full charge, this device is capable of providing up to 5 hours of light and 100 5-second stun cycles. The voltage rating of any capacitor in this SSTC must be over 200V (over 400V if you're attempting to build this coil in a country that utilizes 220VAC). Handheld tasers are the most popular type of self-defense device. Stainless Steel. Most civilian models emit between 50,000 and 80,000 volts, while law enforcement models can emit up to 500,000 volts. Laser is very visible at night and adequate during the day at 15 feet. An outside source hooked up to a transformer powers the whole system. The highest-voltage stun gun typically has. This post is an interesting look at the situation. 08 N1 13. . The average pulse voltage—which is what leads to stimulation—is actually about 600 V. Keep in mind, the maximum voltage that can jump across two standard stun gun contact points is much less than the advertised amount on the average stun gun. The most common size stun gun typical voltage will produce around 30,000 volts. 2. Any claimed voltage greater violates the laws of physics. 707V 0. 0 micro coulombs. The darts can penetrate clothing and, once they make contact with the target, deliver the electric shock, which disrupts the. 6V. Tasers in New Jersey can only be used for self-defense purposes. But that voltage never reaches the targets. 95. This powerhouse rides on your belt and is available for immediate action when you need it. The low amperage of the electricity shouldn’t cause any long-term damage to their bodies, but the high voltage—anywhere from 50,000 to 1 million volts—will immobilize and stun them. However, TASERs can lead to ventricular fibrillation, even with their small amp rating. [3] The average current from the TASER X26 is approximately 2 milliamperes (0. In fact, over the course of their discharge, alkaline batteries actually average about 1. Are Tasers. 3. $20. Easily toggle between cartridge bays by tilting the weapon for greater confidence in the field. The price range for tasers and stun guns are drastically different. Axon Body 4. The average stun gun volt strength is anywhere from 80,00 to 300,000 volts. 10-foot range and powerful charge. 95. A 'taser' is designed to provide arelatively slow series of very high voltage (and current) short-period pulses. 0036 Amps) The X26 output is 2. There may also be restrictions on how and where you can carry the device. Even just hearing the loud crackling alone can make someone jump. It uses two probes that are shot out of the gun to deliver an electrical shock. We had 400,000 then 500,000 and even a 775,000-volt stun gun. The average static electric shock is 20,000 volts. Our POLICE 928 stun gun flashlight is convenient size: 6. Voltage nearing 7000 is likely to cause induction. Prices may vary depending on multiple factors such as the taser model, additional security features (e. Two cartridge types for Close Quarters and Stand-off situations, with dual laser including range adjusting lower laser. The voltage source (ΔVtot) is a 110-V source and the resistor values are 7. The majority of their stun guns range in voltage from 30 billion upwards to 58 billion. The Philips HeartStart FRx and Defibtech Lifeline —both of which use a biphasic truncated exponential (impedance compensated) waveform—deliver a nominal amount of energy equal to 150 J for adults with 50 Ω of impedance and 50 J nominal delivered energy for children with 50 Ω of impedance. PMP8606 — 300W Full Bridge Phase Shifted (FBPS) DC/DC Power Supply Reference Design. Watch the video above to learn more about TASER 7's latest breakthrough feature. 5 micro coulombs, and intolerable pain at 1. 10 cartridges featuring individually targeted probes. It can be slightly painful but is more a shocking surprise than anything else. In both reports the 10 μA limit is recommended for current flowing between any two of the following: • Electrodes. Meaning, the stun gun is more likely to drop an attacker. Again, there is much confusion about voltage. What Does 50,000 Volts From a Taser Do to Your Brain? New research finds that stun guns can create short-term cognitive impairment comparable to dementia —. ago. Tests made at 250 Ohms are considered authentic in showing the correct operation of the device. The standard shock from an electrical stun gun (TASER- X26 ®, TASER International, Scottsdale, AZ) consists of a 5-s long application of high voltage, low current pulses at 19 pulses per second. Something went wrong. The Power of a Police Stun Gun. VRMS = 1. Overall, the capacitors. TASER handheld CEWs deliver only a fraction of the 50,000 V when deployed and activated. 1mA (0. We understand the best consumer purchases are made when the consumer has all the information needed before making a purchase. How many volts is a police taser? Tasers work by delivering a 50,000-volt electric shock to the target. We will be happy to send out a few replacements, just in case you encounter this. This grid connects the power station to the consumers. Item Package Dimensions L x W x H ‎9. 4. Tasers are constant current devices, not constant voltage devices. The higher the voltage, the better the charge delivery to the target. The taser fires 2 probes up to distance of 21 feet and transmits a pulse of energy thro RM GBWW2N – A police officer aims a Taser X26 using the red laser dot, but without the front cartrige fitted and the light turned onI n general, stun guns deliver between 2. The TASER X26 functions as a constant current generator and delivers an initial 50 000-V to begin an arcing shock (the actual voltage delivered to the body is in the range of 1400–2520 V), followed by electric pulses of 105- to 155-microsecond duration, at a frequency of ≈19 Hz (≈1140 times per minute), and 80- to 125-microcoulomb. Reference designs. VTS-880-30 Billion Mini Stun Gun. A single-shot TASER Smart Weapon. The most up-to-date warnings and instructions are available at energy weapon, and will not increase significantly even with environmental changes. Schematic: PDF. 1 amps (1/10th of an amp) is considered strong enough to be lethal. The seller must also keep a record of sale for ten years, the same requirements for firearms sales. So it’s really not that the voltage was high enough, but the current was too low, its that the voltage drops because the taser can’t deliver enough current to sustain its voltage. Tasers can also be just as deadly as a gun if certain circumstances align. 0021 Amps). Its effect on the. It covers a variety of TASER products and includes TASER training tips and news articles. A Mace® Brand stun gun is typically less than $50, while a taser is close to $300 depending on the brand of choice. To return a TASER product for service, go to buy. The value of V rms is V 0 /√2, or, equivalently, 0. But the new TASER 10 has only 1,000 volts and is promoted to deliver TASER 7 amperage. With a taser, the voltage is delivered in short little bursts, short enough that it mostly limits permanent harm. Self-defense stun guns are devices that shoot out two-barbed prongs that stick in the target’s skin and taser them. ” In other words, look for a high-quality stun gun product that will produce at least 1. Good to Go. However, it’s important to note that voltage is not the only factor that determines the effectiveness of a taser. With a quick search you’ll even come across stun guns with volts in the millions such as this stun gun which is one of our favorites. One final comment about the average value of the voltage and its RMS value. Generally, stun guns range from 0. Take out any non-electrical parts. TASER weapons are described as "80% to 95% effective in the field," though reports from police departments appear to show more like 55%-80% success rates. An electrolaser is a type of electroshock weapon that is also a directed-energy weapon. In the case of the TASER X26™ CEW, the mean delivered pulse voltage is 580 V with a typical peak voltage of 1900 V (volts) being delivered to the body . 250 µC Charge, 120 Lumens,. They shoot voltage, not bullets, so you can escape using the least force possible. This 15 billion max voltage heavy-duty stun gun by Police is super compact and can easily be tossed in a knapsack or strapped onto your belt with the included holster and carrying case. That’s what makes the crackling sound well-known to tasers. The glove delivered 1,500 volts of electricity (only 0. ), voltage capacity, effective range, and whether you prefer a single or dual cartridges. 2 4. New, cutting-edge micro-technology! Brands Safety Technology. To find the Watts, enter the Volts and Amps fields. This is a huge difference! We will go into details about what this means. Now for the resistor array. Taser X26, according to the company, produces an average of 1,200 volts on average. Product information . Amperage wasn’t even on the radar. Stun Guns. FYI the numbers advertised on cheap guns for voltage like 10MV are complete nonsense. So the jolt from a Òmillion voltÓ stun gun feels just about the same as one from a Ò500,000. 99. Check Latest Price. On average, Tasers are used 904 times per day worldwide, or about once every two minutes, the company says, and law enforcement officers have deployed the stun guns more than 3 million times in. Hydro would be the most viable and cheapest option for a fence close to you. Spark gaps can be used for the measurement of crest values of voltage pulses from 1 kV to 2. Technical Details. Hobby. Stun guns are considered dangerous weapons in most states and as such, there are laws governing their ownership and use. The Vipertek VTS-989 is one of the most widely recommended stun guns on the market and our previous favorite. The TASER device is a less-lethal, not non-lethal, weapon, since the possibility of serious injury or death exists whenever the weapon is deployed. Pulse voltage measurement techniques include crest voltmeters, voltage dividers, capacitive probes, electro-optical transducers, and reflection attenuators. The energy available is approximately Voltage x Charge. J&L Self Defense Products. I = Im 2–√ I → = I m 2. 22 meters). The seller must also keep a record of sale for ten years, the same requirements for firearms sales. These two devices differ mainly in voltage. The Taser X2 electronic weapon is displayed for a photograph at the Taser International Inc. Axon Flex 2. The RMS voltage is given by the equation: (22) As specified by its name, this expression computes the square root of the mean (average) of the square of the waveform. Stun guns work by pressing a pair of electrodes against the victim in order to create an electric circuit. It is important to check the laws in your state before purchasing or using a stun gun. However, it’s important to note that voltage is not the only factor that determines the effectiveness of a taser. If you've ever shopped for stun guns, you know that many companies make extremely high voltage claims - up to 100 million volts. It's easy to find reliable stun guns, like the Vipertek VTS-989, for less than $25, while most of TASER's consumer-grade models, like the TASER Pulse+, cost $400 or more. $1399. +. FREE Returns . 3. A taser's life expectancy is only 5 years. In addition, a Mace ® Brand stun gun has security. Animal Species. We have chosen a top pick for 3 main categories (best value, best for personal defense, and max power), as well a couple of honorable mentions. The X26 Taser discharges 50,000 peaks of voltage 2. * 50,000 volts - TASER ® POLICE STUN GUNS The best stun device on the market is the TASER. $3 High voltage taser . Free shipping. Axon Fleet 3. 707 × maximum or peak value, Vpk. In reality, one amp is enough to cause a fatal heart irregularity. SABRE Stun Gun. Specifications for pulse rate and average main phase current are provided for two battery types, alkaline and Stun guns are designed to deliver high voltage (25 000–100 000 kV), low amperage (<4. SABRE Pepper Spray & 3-in-1 Stun Gun with Flashlight and Anti-Grab Bar Technology, Self Defense Kit, 35 Bursts, 10 Ft (3 m) Range, 120 Lumens LED Light, Rechargeable Battery (Set of 2) 6,961. A 50,000-volt shock from a Taser is powerful enough to immobilize a person, but how does such a strong jolt affect the brain? A burst of electricity from a stun gun can impair a person's ability. Taser International may provide specifications for tests conducted using this impedance at a later date. The average typical voltage range for tasers varies anywhere from 20kV up to 50kV depending on model, including factors such as battery power strength size and other variables. 5/10. The standard taser models used by police departments are the M26 and X26. Tasers have a low amperage, usually between 0. So you average the amount of voltage that a given number of hits creates, and theres your measurement unit for the "amount of charge stored". The voltage from a police stun gun can cause acute pain, and in some cases, momentarily stun an individual, leaving them disoriented. Current: 0. In line with its focus to provide safer, more reliable tools that. Editor's Note: So far, TASER guns in the hands of police have killed more than 270 people in the United States. For a given maximum power, if you increase the voltage by a factor of, say, 100,000 (going from battery voltage of 9V to taser voltage of 900,000V), you would decrease the current by the same factor of 100,000. 09 main 13. Taser, tens/hundreds of mJoules, repeating pulse; 100KV, half a joule - VandeGraaff machine with chain of children connected. See moreAlthough there are several different types of tasers on the market, the average voltage found in many tasers is around 50,000 volts. Lakeland police's equipment is outdated. 2. TASER 7. When Taser, or any other force is used on an individual, a police officer will always have to justify their actions as being necessary and. It features LED flashlight, built-in rechargeable battery and anti-snatch technology (the shock plates on the side of the stun gun also deliver a high voltage shock making it impossible take the stun gun from you). 2. 2 Volts. Additionally, when a licensed firearms dealer sells a stun gun, they must request a background check from the buyer. The Variable Focus Stun Gun has 1. Using these figures, estimate the resistance of the human body. which mimic the pulsed communication the body uses, keep the average current emitted by the new Taser under . (Industry's Highest Pain-Inducing Stun Gun) What is the voltage on a police taser? - Quora. Fast forward to 1993, two brothers, Tom and Rick Smith, were looking to develop an alternative method of self defense after their high school friends were gunned down in a road rage incident. Wait a moment and try again. A 2011 National Institute of Justice Special Report reported that, “subjects reported pain on average. Average value = 0. Measure the length of the actual spark itself. The stun gun produces a high voltage in excess of 6,000,000 volts and low amperage of 2,000,000 amps. Media coverage of the stun guns has tended to highlight the 50,000 volts that propel the Taser’s electricity. CryptoThe Police1 TASER product category is a comprehensive collection of information, product listings and resources for researching police TASER Devices. 30,000 is the maximum voltage that could jump across stun gun contacts spaced one centimeter apart. A more accurate measure of a stun gun's effectiveness is its charge, which is described in microcoulombs (uC). This is quite small when compared to the 1. The pressure controls the speed and movement of the water through the hose. According to a study conducted by the National Institute of Justice, stun guns have an average success rate of 86% in disabling attackers when used appropriately. The design is utilizing UCC28950 voltage mode forward and average current limitation backward converter (two quadrant (. If you are short does this mean your cock is tall. The TASER Bolt is sleeker, less threatening, and designed for off-body carry in purses, briefcases, etc. TASER Pulse Laser Light, 8 Ft Indoors. 'Delivered charge' is the best indicator of the potential electro-stimulation. Aims High voltage electric current can adversely affect pacemakers (PM) and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). How many volts is a police taser? Tasers work by delivering a 50,000-volt electric shock to the target. With a taser, the voltage is delivered in short little bursts, short enough that it mostly limits permanent harm. Most stun guns are run off of one. Open up the disposable camera. Add to cart + −. Drive the future of in-car video. What is the voltage on a police taser? - Quora. 75% resulted in no serious injury. 1 mA1. ” Sabre. WEIHAI Low Temperature Candles Low Heat Candles Romantic Wax Play Candles for Lovers Couples Wedding. 08 N2 12. 2. You can see the electricity arc across those front electrodes. Key Features. On average, a house in the U. — Axon recently announced the release of TASER 10, marking the unveiling of its first product following their announcement of a "moonshot" goal to help cut. It has recently been introduced into British policing as a “less lethal” weapon to fill the operational gap between the baton and the gun for controlling potentially dangerous and violent suspects. Using these figures, estimate the resistance of the human body. The maximum size allowed for a taser is 3/4 of an ounce. ) Tasers differ from. This is why tasers make a clicking noise. Despite the fact that tasers deliver a 50,000-volt jolt, it is thought that there is little risk of cardiac or heart problems, according to Dr. Make sure that you follow the instructions carefully. It’s incredibly powerful with a voltage of 300 million, making it the strongest stun gun on this list. Police stun guns or tasers range can cost around $400 or cost as much as $1,500 for professional models used by law enforcement. 4 x AA Batteries . Voltage in Tasers. An electroshock weapon is an incapacitating weapon. Wait a moment and try again. I hope this clarifies the operation of our technology. 2V, resulting in an overall voltage of 9. • The Current Metering technology is designed to deliver optimal charge. Customer Favorite. You’ve looked through the hoopla about voltage if you’re hunting for the highest amperagestun pistol. , on Wednesday, April 22, 2015. Prices may vary depending on multiple factors such as the taser model, additional security features (e. Self-defense stun guns are devices that shoot out two-barbed prongs that stick in the target’s skin and taser them. Most civilian models emit between 50,000 and 80,000 volts, while law enforcement models can emit up to 500,000 volts. Its intuitive design makes for a smooth transition to the next generation of Smart Weapons. Neuromuscular Incapacitation (NMI) occurs resulting in a direct involuntary contraction of the muscles that disrupts neuromuscular control. 1 users rated this 4 out of 5 stars 1. 75 Million volts of stopping power!. Save these instructions. Minimum Recommended Voltage Per 5 Meter Perimeter. According to the National Institute of Justice, stun guns that emit 1 µC or more produce ‘unbearable pain’ (when used on most sober, emotionally stable people). 13) Slider switch has fallen off and has been misplaced/lost This is normal, the sliding switch is made to detach. Share: Share on Twitter Share on. How Smart Tech Makes Smarter Defense. To put things into perspective: household electrical outlets. They release about 1,200 volts. Soon after, manufacturers started to increase the stated number of volts to be higher than the next guy. High voltage (more than 500 V) can cause deep burns, nerve damage, cardiac arrest, and death. Stun gun vs. Deep finger indentations along the handle are molded to fit your fingers and provide an ergonomically firm grip on the device. Amperage wasn’t even on the radar. These stun guns may come in different sizes, shapes, and colors so you can find one that best suits your needs. The Construction. . The amperage in a stun gun is measured in units smaller than amps - called milliamps. 5. 707 x IM. 6 at idle Voltage ramps to 14+ when slowing down or. How strong is a police TASER? Most police TASERs like the TASER 7 have an average voltage of 50,000 volts. 2. The term stun gun often refers to a device that delivers the electric shock via direct contact. All TASER 7 Cartridges have a wire length of 25 feet (7. The voltage of the battery is a critical component of its power supply. At the maximum range of 4 milliamps, that is 4/1000 of an amp! A shock of . THE TASER X26C IS A TRUSTED SELF-DEFENSE WEAPON. The Compact Stun Gun has 7. Sold out. At $24, this is one of the pricier stun guns on our list. However, TASERs can lead to ventricular fibrillation, even with their small amp rating. For example, the maximum voltage of the stun gun below is 0,3 inches x 30,000 Volts/inch = 9,000 Volts. The amperage is tied to the voltage. 50 kV are only reached when there is absolutely no load. Our non-lethal 1 million. The voltage may seem high, but the amperage on both systems is well below safe limits. You might want to keep the film so you don't lose your precious memories. Guard Dog Security iStun 2 Cell Phone Stun Gun with LED Flashlight - High Voltage - Rechargeable - Safety Switch 4. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Live cartridges are identifiable by their black blast doors. Lakeland police are using 7-year-old devices. Discover the legal status of stun guns and tasers in Canada for self-defense. The average stun gun voltage is about 25,000 volts, but the best stun gun range. “Cardiac Stimulation with High Voltage Discharge from Stun Guns,. Pepper sprays are slightly more expensive, with prices ranging from $10 to $30. The next-generation body worn camera. 004 amps. TASER 7 CQ. 0 amps. 6 at idle Voltage ramps to 14+ when slowing down or braking electronics is the answer. ”A TASER® is a hand-held shooting stun gun that fires probes into a person’s skin, providing that high-voltage shock. People call stun guns "tasers" but they are not a TASER as the word is a specific brand. That means you get 50 one-second pulses, 25 two-second. Shop TASER products designed for personal and home use. Taser Live Cartridges for The Pulse, Bolt and C2 (2-Pack) (4) $52. In this way you might say the average amperage over 1 second was 50 milliamps, but then the average voltage over 1 second might be like 20 volts. 9 million times in the field in 107 countries. 99But for a taser I need over 10000V on the output and that’s why I use a useful behavior of the inductor. 4000 -. 3. The TASER® X2 Defender emits a completely different power structure, but it is by far the most powerful, discharging 1400 volts at 3. The TASER X26 functions as a constant current generator and delivers an initial 50 000-V to begin an arcing shock (the actual voltage delivered to the body is in the range of 1400–2520 V), followed by electric pulses of 105- to 155-microsecond duration, at a frequency of ≈19 Hz (≈1140 times per minute), and 80- to 125-microcoulomb. 4 Stars, 1 product rating 1. 5 out of 5 stars 317 ratingsdischarges from the most common type of EID, the TASER. Tasers exist because one day in the late 1960s, Jack Cover -- a former military test pilot with a doctorate in nuclear physics who worked with NASA as a contractor on the Apollo missions -- read a. However, the exact voltage of a Taser can vary depending on the specific model and manufacturer. Colors: +3. All other states permit stun guns to an extent. 5 4. Battery life indicator. A TASER device, with cartridge removed, making an electric spark between its two electrodes. Most Discreet: TERMINATOR SGCPM-89 Smartphone Stun Gun. Taser 10. Any claimed voltage greater violates the laws of physics. Adjustable Focus LED Metal Flashlight Rechargeable Stun Gun (8810 Type). Talon Stun Gun. SABRE Pepper Spray & 3-in-1 Stun Gun with Flashlight and Anti-Grab Bar Technology, Self Defense Kit, 35 Bursts, 10 Ft (3 m) Range, 120 Lumens LED Light, Rechargeable Battery (Set of 2) 6,949. It's important to understand just how painful 50,000 volts at 60. katobenn • 2 yr. Soon after, manufacturers started to increase the stated number of volts to be higher than the next guy. At most a spark gap on these things is an inch, which means a limit of about 75kV. The type of current: Alternating current (AC) is more dangerous than direct current (DC), because AC can cause the muscles to contract and prevent the. Stun guns are a direct contact device that emits a high pulse frequency to restrict movement. The site looked at 3,000 fatal police shootings between 2015 and 2017 that involved the use of a Taser and found that in 258 of the cases, a Taser “had failed to subdue someone before the police. What you’re looking for is, at least, 25,000 volts. The peak current of about 3 amperes is far less than that of a strong static electricity shock, which can be as high as 37. That may sound like a lot , but keep in mind that voltage alone doesn’t necessarily make something dangerous- amperage plays just as big of a role. However, if you are not very comfortable using a taser with that much voltage, there are several smaller, weaker options available on the market. Additionally, when a licensed firearms dealer sells a stun gun, they must request a background check from the buyer. Stun guns and tasers put out thousands of volts but very few milliamps. 20 New. The grid consists of a number of high-voltage and low-voltage power lines with several transformers. Carpet/doorknob sparks are quite a bit less:. 1mA (0. In a tazer, the voltage is stepped UP and the Amps stepped DOWN. The TASER Bolt is sleeker, less threatening, and designed for off-body carry in purses, briefcases, etc. 00. Amperage is actually what kills. Tasers are made to give high-voltage shocks, usually between 50,000 and 150,000 volts. Then all you need is a setup where your "gun" clicks the piezo crystal rapidly to build up charge (counting up the number of clicks to determine charge) and displaying it on a small screen, and of course. Further research shows that the consensus among enthusiasts is these million-voltage stun guns aren’t really capable of delivering such amounts of voltage because of the tiny distance. However, the exact voltage of a Taser can vary depending on the specific model and manufacturer. Discover the Streetwise™ Pain Pen in Black, a discreet yet powerful 25M volt stun gun designed to look like a pen. The voltage in a stun gun is high enough to dump electricity. While the voltage is high, the current or amperage delivered is low, usually below 3 milliamperes. 0021 amps at average performance. The TASER Pulse is shaped like a sub compact pistol and designed for concealed carry. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Stun guns are one type of _____, _____, _____, or _____, which is a device that uses a high-voltage, low-power electrical charge to induce involuntary muscle contractions to temporarily incapacitate a noncompliant subject. Compact stun guns that deliver under 100,000 volts can be found for less than $20. Package Includes: 1 x 4000V Livestock Prod with Wrist Lanyard . Tasers have become an essential tool for police, but how effective are they? An APM Reports investigation finds that officers in some big cities rated Tasers as unreliable up to 40 percent of the time, and in three large departments, newer models were less effective than older ones. 5°) 20016 None N/A Gray Red 7 Simulation cartridges have the same appearance and dimensions as live cartridges, except simulation cartridges have blue or red blast doors, and live cartridges have black blast doors. TASER Pulse Laser Light, 15 Ft Part 2. A few weeks after joining Axon in early 2019, industrial designer Mark Eastwood stood on a collection of foam mats in the atrium of the company’s Scottsdale, Arizona headquarters. Taser safety issues relate to the lethality of the Taser. ) Tasers differ from. Media coverage of the stun guns has tended to highlight the 50,000 volts that propel the Taser’s electricity. The average stun gun volt strength is anywhere from 80,00 to 300,000 volts. The voltage of a taser will collapse once it is loaded by a person. com. The replies to this post are, as usual, largely incorrect. It doesn't actually make a whole lot of sense to measure a stun guns output voltage. Handheld Tasers. Voltage hurts, but current kills. Currently, there are two main police models, the M26 and X26 [3]. The voltage of a Taser varies depending on its model and manufacturer, but most Tasers range between 50, 000 and 80, 000 volts.