zonolite attic insulation exposure studies. Asbestos property damage claims other than for Zonolite Attic Insulation: Richard B. zonolite attic insulation exposure studies

 
 Asbestos property damage claims other than for Zonolite Attic Insulation: Richard Bzonolite attic insulation exposure studies R

R. Worker take-home asbestos, or para-occupational exposure, has. 1 VITAE William Edward Longo, Ph. Grace. R. Grace. R. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. This attic insulation was typically gray-brown or silver-gold in color. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Today, the insulation product may still be present in millions. Grace. Grace. Grace. Smoking increases the risk of developing asbestosis. R. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. A range of tasks selected for evaluation included cleaning, working around, moving, and removal of ZAI in attics and living spaces. In order to be eligible for reimbursement a claimant must be able to show: That vermiculite is the Zonolite Brand. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. The present case study reports on tissue burden of fibrous dust in a person who used a vermiculite material (Zonolite) as an attic insulator some 50 years prior to her death. R. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. 10. Several studies were designed and conducted to evaluate amphibole asbestos exposures in homes containing Zonolite (expanded vermiculite) attic insulation (ZAI). The fibers contained ore that was used in Zonolite insulation, which was poured into at least 1 million homes across America from the 1930s to the early 1980s, the newspaper said. That study found significant excesses of asbestosis and. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. R. You must also provide a Declaration of Authenticity (available on the website). Grace. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. 9–251. 3+ billion citations. A range of tasks selected for evaluation included cleaning, working around, moving, and removal of ZAI in attics and living spaces. 3. Grace. R. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Why Zonolite® Attic Insulation May Need Vermiculite Testing And Removal. Grace. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Grace. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. The Zonolite mine, then owned by W. On any device & OS. Asbestos property damage claims other than for Zonolite Attic Insulation: Richard B. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. If your home was built before 1990, you might have vermiculite insulation in your walls or attic. Sullivan [ 9] reported 22 deaths from asbestosis (expected = 0. R. Grace. A range of. Several studies were designed and conducted to evalu- ate amphibole asbestos exposures in homes containing Zonolite (expanded vermiculite) attic insulation (ZAI). We searched for articles on non-occupational or. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Grace. Grace. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,D. From a distance, vermiculite insulation resembles pebbles or gravel, and it fades to a grey color over time. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Grace. Asbestos insulation is one of the largest sources of asbestos exposure. Grace. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Hays, Richard Hatfield, William E. Most research on health hazards from asbestos-containing vermiculite insulation has focused on workers at vermiculite mining or processing sites or at communities close to. Grace. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Grace. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Asbestos is a carcinogen associated with lung cancer, but few studies have examined the increased risk of lung cancer due to environmental asbestos exposure. Grace. Ewing, Steve M. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Henry Anderson. R. R. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Grace. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Grace. Show More Show Less 2 of 17 Vermiculite is a mineral that was commonly used as insulation in homes built before. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. A range of tasks selected for evaluation included cleaning, working around, moving, and removal of ZAI in attics and living spaces. Montana Gov. The former Zonolite facility in Easthampton, Massachusetts, was an exfoliation plant operated by W. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Grace. Grace. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. S. Asbestos Zonolite Insulation. Grace & Company (WRG). R. Unlike. A member of the phyllosilicate group of minerals, it resembles mica in appearance. Grace. 160+ million publication pages. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Grace. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Longo, James R. Lung Disease. Vermiculite was mined in. R. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. After removal and reinsulation (my state covered 75% of insulation costs), the reimbursement from the trust took about 6 months to pay out. During the 1920s and 1930s, when asbestos knowledge was practically non-existent, the Libby Mine in Montana, Canada, produced Zonolite® Attic Insulation – and possibly other brands which may have contained amphibole asbestos – to supply. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. The Zonolite Attic Insulation Trust (ZAI Trust) was created to help educate the public about the possible health effects of asbestos-containing vermiculite and to provide partial reimbursement for ZAI removal to qualified claimants. R. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Grace. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Several studies were designed and conducted to evaluate amphibole asbestos exposures in homes containing Zonolite (expanded vermiculite) attic insulation (ZAI). In 2023, Grace agreed to an to restore damaged lands in and around the Superfund site. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Zonolite attic insulation exposure studies. It was sold from 1963 to 1984 under the product name Zonolite. Zonilite Attic Insulation (ZAI) is an exfoliated vermiculite material that originated from the previously described asbestos-contaminated mining site in Libby, MT. The fieldwork for these studies was conducted at two homes. R. 10. doi: 10. The fieldwork for these studies was. Grace. If patients don’t develop mesothelioma, they can expect some type of respiratory issue. Grace. Ex-Worker Wins $36. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Grace. Article CAS Google Scholar. Zonolite Plaster: Dry plaster compound used for reinforcement. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Many of the asbestos-containing products produced by W. Amphibole asbestos was present in all the insulation samples. R. Grace. Zonolite attic insulation exposure studies. A range of tasks selected. R. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. The approximate remaining 25% is not eligible for reimbursement. R. Much of it was used as attic insulation and sold under the product name Zonolite. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. A trust fund was created with $3 billion to handle claims in 2014. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. The product was made of asbestos-contaminated vermiculite once mined in Libby,. Grace. Additionally, ZAI Claimants offered two case reports of individuals (Harashe and. The Zonolite Attic Insulation Trust (ZAI Trust) was created to help educate the public about the possible health effects of asbestos-containing vermiculite and to provide partial reimbursement for ZAI removal to qualified claimants. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. December 17, 2006. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. R. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. 13 deaths) among 1672 Libby vermiculite workers during 1960–2001, for a SMR of 165. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. The good news. Grace. Grace. Liebsch) who allegedly contracted mesothelioma from exposure to ZAI. Get Started. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Grace. He said the settlement would resolve the remaining. September 2010;16(3):279-290. It may have shiny flakes or small accordion-like pieces. Grace. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. R. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. "For decades, the EPA has known about the risks Zonolite could pose to millions of American households, but a mix of brute politics, internal agency disputes and old-fashioned foot dragging has left families without the information needed to protect themselves,". Grace’s Zonolite attic insulation. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Grace. Grace case for a Partial Summary Judgement finding Zonolite Attic Insulation (ZAI) does not pose an unreasonable risk of harm. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. This project began in November 2000 as a preliminary or pilot study of the analysis of vermiculite attic insulation. Several studies were designed and conducted to evaluate amphibole asbestos exposures in homes containing Zonolite (expanded. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Grace. Grace. Grace. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. This mine had a naturalZonolite Q: What is Zonolite? A: Zonolite is a brand name of vermiculite attic insulation containing harmful minerals (asbestos and others) that was mined from the Libby Mine in Libby, Montana beginning in 1919. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. So, if you have vermiculite insulation, look into this. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Grace. Grace. Grace. 1 in 4 Americans Don't Know if Their Homes Contain Asbestos. When heated toWeatherization - Typically a claimant/homeowner pays the entire abatement related cost and upon sufficient proof of payment and proof of product identification, i. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. It has been a relatively prosperous town among the depressed mining towns of western Montana. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Grace. R. Grace. has more recently established the Zonolite Attic Insulation Trust, a fund for reimbursing costs to remove Zonolite brand vermiculite insulation from homes and commercial properties. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Grace. Zonolite is contaminated with tremolite, a. Grace Co. S. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Abstract. 2. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. R. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Zonolite is a trademarked brand name of a vermiculite attic insulation that was sold between the 1940s and 1990s. In another study, activity-based air and surface sampling was conducted in three homes to evaluate amphibole asbestos exposures during specific activities in attics containing. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Grace. Asbestos-contaminated vermiculite attic insulation (VAI) produced from a mine near Libby, Montana, may be present in millions of homes along with other commercial asbestos-containing materials (ACM). NIOSH is also updating a study of vermiculite workers originally conducted in the 1980s. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. The last two operating asbestos mines in Canada – both in Quebec – closed down in 2012. Scientific studies have documented an increased risk of asbestos-related illness in HVAC mechanics and examined the risk of asbestos exposure when working on HVAC equipment. Removing vermiculite from home or business attics normally costs between $10,000 and $15,000. Grace. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Richard Hatfield's 4 research works with 67 citations and 923 reads, including: Zonolite Attic Insulation Exposure Studies. During a home renovation or demolition, contractors and other construction workers may risk exposure to Zonolite attic insulation. Current approaches being used by Grantees and Subgrantees to weatherize homes with existing vermiculite insulation were identified as part of the development of this experimental plan based on a review of Grantee Health and Safety Plans and communications with weatherization program staff from seven states. It was used in many construction materials including insulation. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Grace. R. It's typically caused by very high exposure levels over a long period of time, as seen in work-related asbestos exposure. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Original Zonolite Branded Bag Photos or Original Zonolite Bag (See Part III of. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Vermiculite Insulation. Int J Occup Environ Health 2010; 16: 279–290. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. , state funds, utility funds, the Zonolite Attic Insulation Trust Fund, and possibly homeowner contributions) because abatement is not allowed using WAP funds per Weatherization Program Notice (WPN) 17-7. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. This is a photo of Zonolite vermiculite from a Canadian government agency. Grace. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Grace. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. 1179/107735210799160219. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Ewing WM, Hays SM, Hatfield R, Longo WE, Millette JR . Zonolite Insulation. 1); this study revealed a striking association of asbestosis mortality with levels of cumulative exposure and duration of exposure. R. R. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Grace made asbestos products and faced litigation that caused it to go bankrupt. It has been argued in court that one percent of asbestos is the amount that poses a danger. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. In May 2003, EPA released information indicating that vermiculite contaminated with traces, less than 1% asbestos, is of significant concern. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Asbestos-contaminated vermiculite attic insulation (VAI) produced from a mine near Libby, Montana, may be present in millions of homes along with other commercial asbestos-containing materials (ACM). Of concern is Zonolite® Attic Insulation; this insulation was sold in Canada under the name of. Grace. R. attic if retrieving the items will disturb the insulation. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. A range of tasks selected for evaluation included clean- ing, working around, moving, and removal of ZAI in attics and living spaces. Grace. The facility received asbestos-contaminated vermiculite from Libby, Montana, from 1963 to 1984, for the production of Zonolite attic insulation and Monokote fireproofing material. R. Grace. R. Call us today to schedule a consultation. In order to be eligible for reimbursement a claimant must be able to show: That vermiculite is the Zonolite Brand. Canadians with the asbestos-contaminated insulation Zonolite in their homes are due a meagre settlement compared to their U. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. R. Asbestos Exposure. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. EPA, Exposure Evaluation Division, Office of Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U. A range of tasks selected for. beginning in the 1940s up through the late 1990s. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. In cases of long-term exposure to extremely high levels of dust, complicated pneumoconiosis with lung function may occur. Over 70% of vermiculite ore mined in the world came from Libby. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. PILOT STUDY TO ESTIMATE ASBESTOS EXPOSURE from VERMICULITE ATTIC INSULATION Research Conducted in 2001 and 2002 Prepared for: Fibers and Organics Branch National Program Chemicals Division Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics U. 3 Sets of Before/After Pictures (Before Removal, After Removal but Before Re-insulation, and After Re-insulation) Await Review of Your Claim ZAI ©2018 Zonolite Attic Insulation Trust Step 1 How To File A Claim 2. In a different study, 29% of homes with vermiculite had very low levels of detectable Libby amphibole, similar to normal outdoor background concentrations. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. The Zonolite Attic Insulation Trust (ZAI Trust) was created to help educate the public about the possible health effects of asbestos-containing vermiculite and to provide partial reimbursement for ZAI removal to qualified claimants. 3. These studies were never funded. 975. There were two general objectives for the pilot study: (1) obtain a rough estimate of amount of asbestos in attics having vermiculite attic insulation; and (2) obtain a rough The EPA says that vermiculite insulation, which is the pebbly stuff found in attics of many older homes, is only risky if it contains more than one percent asbestos. R. Sullivan [ 9] reported 22 deaths from asbestosis (expected = 0. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Greg Gianforte announced the offer on Jan. The primary goal of the research described hereZonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Grace. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. The product was made of asbestos-contaminated vermiculite once mined in Libby, Montana. Grace. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Schiro 2706 Fairmount Street Dallas, Texas 75201-1958 - Source: Zonolite attic insulation exposure studies. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Most research on health hazards from asbestos-containing vermiculite insulation has focused on workers at vermiculite mining or processing sites or at communities close to those locations. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Grace. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. R. com. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Over 70% of vermiculite used in homes in the United States is contaminated by asbestos – a carcinogenic mineral that can lead to untreatable diseases after long-term exposure. R. R. In order to be eligible for reimbursement a claimant must be able to show: That vermiculite is the Zonolite Brand. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. 2. However, concerns remain about health effects from environmental and other occupational exposures to asbestos-contaminated vermiculite, especially vermiculite that has been installed as loose-fill insulation in homes and other buildings. Zonolite is the brand name of Libby Vermiculite sold by the Zonolite Company and later by W. Zonolite attic insulation exposure studies Several studies were designed and conducted to evaluate amphibole asbestos exposures in homes containing Zonolite (expanded vermiculite) attic insulation (ZAI). S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. R. Watch a video of our our technicians performing Zonolite removal. No paper. In 1985 the EPA estimated that 940,000 American homes contained, or had contained, Zonolite attic fill. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Schiro 2706 Fairmount Street Dallas, Texas 75201-1958 - Source:Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature. R. R. Trust covered about 65% of the abatement + insulation up to a certain amount. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. Although some vermiculite, notably that mined in China and South Africa, is considered to be asbestos free, Zonolite, with approximately 75% of the U. Asbestos ore is made up of long, thin fibers that can only be seen through a microscope. S market, is well known to contain small quantities of hazardous amphibole (a mineral source. R. Grace.