Con #1) Regs, so many regs. cash game strategy tournament strategy bankroll management live. Once the players look at their hole cards, the preflop betting round begins. Here you can find over 500 poker strategy articles across all skill and experience levels to help you improve your game both in live- and online poker. Hero is dealt X X in the Cutoff. The best tips on cash game & tournament strategy, starting hands, poker odds and much more. DEFINITION / EXAMPLE. You can also click on the right arrow on the game menu screen in the main lobby to register for play money poker tournaments. This article covers the fundamentals of Texas Holdem cash game strategy, outlining the building blocks that you can use to consistently beat the games. Advanced Cash Game Strategy with Kanu7: This massive poker course contains over 36 hours of content from Kanu7. 9. A Cash Game is a poker game in which chips represent real money and players can come and go as they please; unlike tournaments where chips do not represent actual currency and prizes are only paid to certain players based on how they finished in. This kind of strategy is similar to tournament play in the later stages. Stronger players tend to play more cash because it requires a deeper understanding of the game. The first and easiest part is the pre-flop strategy. $24. 3 Concepts That Should Shape Your Postflop Strategy in 2021 (Positional, Range, and Nut Advantage) These concepts are essential for every poker player to understand. The last hand you want to be calling A-K with is a hand like K-Q. This means when you are down to 10 or 20 big blinds in a cash game or a poker tournament by the way. A Cash Game is a poker game in which chips represent real money and players can come and go as they please; unlike tournaments where chips do not represent actual currency and prizes are only paid to certain players based on how they finished in the tournament. 5+ hours of new training content added every month. Understanding poker betting strategy and making the right size bets in different situations is a complete game changer and is the one thing that many poker players miss in their game. Then divide this by 50 to get the maximum buy-in you should be looking for. Daniel Negreanu is one of the most prominent poker players today. With antes in play, a 2. Choosing which hands to play and which hands to fold is fundamental to playing a winning poker game. There is a lot more preflop raising and even three betting in 2/5 than there is in 1/2. Including playing to the nuts, avoiding weak rundowns and more. 05/$0. 4-bet Light Against Aggressive Regs. Texas Hold'em Poker Rules. Con #2) It can feel like a grind. Rebuy poker tournaments used to be quite popular in the past when they were the only real alternative to freezeout poker events. Game theory plays an important factor when deciding what one’s overall strategy should be. Cash games, unlike poker tournaments, have much less variance. 50 on average. Including essential strategy tips for beginners, cash game and tournament Texas Holdem, Omaha, 7-Card Stud & other poker games. All Texas Hold’em starting hands can be separated into two categories: “suited” and “offsuit”. Greatly Increase Your Blind Steals in fast-fold Poker. 1. One of my favourite pieces of training is the Upswing Poker Lab which is run by the famous poker pro-Doug Polk – this course starts at the very basics of poker, and will teach you the fundamentals of Cash games MTTs and live poker. Have the best hand. A hand range is simply all the possible hands a player can hold at any given time. In a $2/$5 game, a typical bomb pot might require $20 antes from each player. Many people play this game exclusively as a pro or semi-pro and aim to make $100 an hour or more from it. When you get up to 20"BB" deep effective, you can raise to about 1/3 of effective stacks and look to usually get the rest in on the flop. Almost always open raise for the 2 times the big blind. Cash Game Strategy | Live and Online Poker Cash Game Tips NFL Wednesday FINAL NYG SF 12 30 +10. Play Fewer Hands And Play Them Aggressively. Hold'em Membership PLO Launch Pad by Dylan Weisman The End Boss System by Doug Polk & Fabian Adler Road To Victory by Darren Elias & Nick Petrangelo Smash Live Cash by Nick Petranglo Elite Cash Game Exploits by Uri Peleg Advanced Cash Game Strategy by Alex 'Kanu7' Millar Advanced PLO Mastery by Dylan Weisman. In some cases, the suit does not matter. In a no-limit hold'em cash game, you reach the flop in a heads-up pot. They're broken into two categories: full-ring ranges and six-max ranges. This is especially true when you have position. Hold'em Membership PLO Launch Pad by Dylan Weisman The End Boss System by Doug Polk & Fabian Adler Road To Victory by Darren Elias & Nick Petrangelo Smash Live Cash by Nick Petranglo Elite Cash Game Exploits by Uri Peleg Advanced Cash Game Strategy by Alex 'Kanu7' Millar Advanced PLO Mastery by Dylan Weisman. I cannot sweat enough how important this poker tip is! Your goal is to learn poker strategy and concentrate on seeing all the information. If you play those games, this series is a must-read for you. NL2 by the way is the 1c/2c games, usually the lowest available cash game online. The big difference comes in the amount of money allowed for each bet, raise, and re-raise. Uri Peleg’s 5 Tips For Handling Aggressive Opponents. On all poker sites, small stakes Texas Hold’em cash games are the most popular. 1. Effective Stacks $200. Cash Out Anytime: Players can buy in for as much as they want. 6+ Hold’em is a popular ‘short deck’ poker format that plays much like Texas Hold’em, but with a few exciting differences: All cards lower than a six are removed from the deck. So you mostly just want to make a decently strong hand like top pair as often as possible. This is known by some as a “range c-bet” (shorthand. One of the most overlooked strategies for Texas Hold’em cash games comes before you even sit down at a table. Start Playing One Table. Three-Bet Light. Betting is good for hero’s overall strategy. Here are the main differences between cash games and poker tournament play: Cash games are played on one table. , or heads-up) and tournaments (SNGs. It is important to stay aware of how deep your stack and your opponents’ stacks are so that you can adjust your strategy accordingly. In other words, don’t be surprised if a live $1/$2 No Limit Texas Holdem cash game has high rake as a percentage of total pot size compared to higher stakes live games or $1/$2 NLHE online. In cash games players exchange money for chips, and there is usually a minimum. If you understand the theory of poker, there is not a lot you need to do differently to adapt from one format to. The Book of Tells) (1994 Edition) by Mike Caro. If you are a beginner poker player, I would advise you to start playing full ring for a couple of reasons. Open More Big Cards, Fewer Small Cards. Key Strategy for No-Limit Texas Hold'em. If you want to play Texas Holdem for free, check out our Texas Holdem game page: Texas Holdem Strategy. 00 stack. A major component of tournament poker strategy is the act of stealing blinds. O. Cash Games that. Cash Game Tip #1 – Aggression Wins in Poker. Let’s talk heads-up poker! Today we’ll dive into a $100/$200 cash game match between Doug Polk and Ben ‘Sauce123’ Sulsky – world-class heads-up players who have faced off many times. Looking at the starting hands chart above, three things should be clear: The stronger your hand (i. As long as you have chips on the table you’re in the game. In most forms of poker, such as the most popular one of No-Limit Texas Hold’em, there are forced blind bets that must be put forward by the players to the immediate left of the button before any cards are dealt. For the $0. weaknesses, you will quickly progress from the small stakes games to the middle stakes games, where you can start winning serious money. Poker Tip #6. The concept of a tight-aggressive poker strategy is simple: play very few hands, but play them aggressively. Then it moves to thinking about what your opponent may have. The overbet marks a staple of modern poker strategy. The third and final hand went as follows: Americas Cardroom $1/$2. Consequently, bluffing is a necessary part of the game. Most of what you learn about poker strategy – big concepts like hand reading, value betting, and hand classes – will apply in both formats. Tournaments are a totally different animal though. 02/$0. HAND NAME. What I mean is if you are playing in a friendly game with a fun atmosphere, denying someone’s. Harrington on Cash Games teaches you about Hold’em cash games and gives plenty of tips on how to play deep stacks and adjust to your opponents. Discussion of no-limit hold’em online cash games of all stakes, including pot-limit and cap games. Squeeze plays, floats, check-raises, and turn and river bets on "scary" boards are all aggressive moves that when made by a seemingly tight player are more likely to earn folds, and thus can be. When you have a game type where everyone sees the. For example, if you have $500 in your bankroll, that’s $25 per game, so $0. Consider the curves shown below in Figure 1, which depicts the MEV of limping or raising to $10 on the button in a typical Las Vegas $1/$2 NL cash game when facing 3 limpers. Let's be honest, when you are playing $1/$2 at the local casino or $0. KQ is a big hand in limit holdem because making top pair is a big deal. Forced bets represent the backbone of any poker game. Bill Perkins, Matt Berkey, and Darren Elias headline this thrilling night of $25-$50-$100 No Limit Hold'em cash game action from the Champions Poker Club in. Cash Game. Full ring games (9 or 10 players) used to be the norm, and actually still are if you play live, but 6-Max now dominates the world of online poker. Hold'em Membership PLO Launch Pad by Dylan Weisman The End Boss System by Doug Polk & Fabian Adler Road To Victory by Darren Elias & Nick Petrangelo Smash Live Cash by Nick Petranglo Elite Cash Game Exploits by Uri Peleg Advanced Cash Game Strategy by Alex 'Kanu7' Millar Advanced PLO Mastery by Dylan Weisman & Chris Wehner Mixed Games Course The 6-max no-limit hold’em format is gaining immense popularity among online poker players, sometimes even overrunning the full-ring games. 5 35 %. Here are the main differences between cash games and poker tournament play: Cash games are played on one table. With 30–50bbs, for example, our low pairs are significantly less valuable because there simply isn’t enough money behind to win. A very simple poker tip is to find a poker training site for the game type you enjoy most. CASH GAME POKER TIP 2: FOLLOW PROPER BANKROLL MANAGEMENT. Another factor is how much time you have to play. Fast-play more often because hand equities run closer. "It's so much fun because of the action," says @JasonSomerville of "short deck," a. Take a look at AK’s equity vs one, two and three random poker hands: A 3-bet will usually force some players out before the flop, making it more likely that you will win the hand. Go back to the lab, learn more, and come back stronger. 30. . Wiktor Malinowski broke a record previously held by Tom Dwan when he won an $842,000. You can leave the table any time you like. At the heart of APT is its "Poker Training Game" that allows players to play online against sophisticated "virtual" opponents in cash games (full ring, six-max. Against an open-raise. Join the preferred table while meeting the minimum buy-in and start playing. Omaha is played with four hole cards and five community cards. Limit your coldcalling. 50 is the level for you. Note: The Postflop Playbook is the revamped version of Upswing's most popular course, The Postflop Game Plan, which over 49,323 poker players have gone through. If you have a No Limit Hold'em background, you're likely used to checking to the preflop aggressor with your entire range when out of position. Mike Caro was and remains a pioneer in poker strategy. Fold or raise with weaker hands on earlier streets. You can click any of these poker tips to jump straight to a detailed explanation that will help your game. Antes are commonly found in tournaments and high stakes cash games. This is the single most common mistake that new players make at the poker table. 10 blinds, then the max buy-in will be $10. Perhaps they squeak by with break-even results or. A tiny stack would be less than 15BBs. Flop ($12): 8 ♠ 5 ♣ 2 ♦. 50/$1 cash game: you are dealt AKo on the button and have a healthy stack of 220BBs. However, in online poker, there are more poor players than observant players and you see so many different players they do not have a good read on you from previous sessions. Big cards are king. No-Limit Texas Holdem Cash Game Strategy. You should usually fold in. Stakes range from $0. Game-Changer for All No Limit Hold'em Players . You're the first to act preflop, and you have the option to either call the $2 big blind or raise to a maximum of $4. If you’re going to play poker, you have to. NL2 by the way is the 1c/2c games, usually the lowest available cash game online. For example, in Texas Hold’em, AA is an 80 percent favorite against KK, QQ or any other smaller pocket pair before the flop. Bluff the River. What is a short stack in no limit Texas Hold'em? The typical short stack in any cash game or tournament will have 40 Big Blinds or less. If you make the call with 8-9 suited and you flop 9♦ 2♥ 3♠, you're only ahead of one of the five hands your opponent might have. You Should Bet More Often. So set clear monthly bankroll targets. Squeezing is a play ever serious poker player should know. This section focuses exclusively on poker strategy for No-limit Hold’em cash games. You open to $2. Equities are even closer in Short Deck than they are in Pot Limit Omaha, which is traditionally thought of as a game where equites run close. Get a handle on the essential basics of great Holdem cash-game strategy with our expert tips below. Every poker player dreams about playing in high-stakes games for millions of dollars. Tighten Up Your Preflop Range. By “low stakes” I’m talking about $1/$2, $1/$3, and $2/$5 cash games. Limit players use many of the same rules as in no-limit poker, such as two hole cards, five community cards, and the number of betting rounds. 50bb Poker Strategy: Play the Same Hands Preflop as With 100bb. 5 big blinds. 1. Short Stack Strategy (SSS) This cash poker strategy consists in the fact that the player takes from 20 to 40 big blinds at the table. Many people do not maximize. No-Limit Texas Hold’em Poker Cash Games. Online poker sites typically allow players to buy-in for a maximum of 100x the big blind in No Limit Hold’em cash games. While $22. Flop ($12): 8 ♠ 5 ♣ 2 ♦. In PLO bomb pots, a lot of players get into trouble when they have good but not great hands on both boards. As the games got progressively more competitive and players realized the utility of 3-bet bluffing, a counter strategy slowly began to emerge in the form of 4-bet bluffing. by Uri Peleg Advanced Cash Game Strategy by Alex 'Kanu7' Millar Advanced PLO Mastery by Dylan Weisman & Chris Wehner Mixed Games Course. Overbetting is a strategy that is used by all of the world’s best players. The first thing that you will notice about cash games is that you tend to make steady money in them. Against a player with a tighter open-raising range, we should tighten our continuing range. Otherwise you run the risk of appearing like a maniac to a particular player and forcing that player to start fighting back. This poker course will teach you the tactics of Linus ‘LLinusLLove’ Loeliger, widely regarded as the undisputed king of 6-max Holdem cash games, in just four hours of video content. After the river card is dealt, the board reads . The simple fact is ante games play looser than non-ante games, which can be both beneficial for tight and loose players. If you play No-limit Hold’em cash games, you need to read this book. Hold'em is aggressive game, and it is impossible to win a lot of money by simply accepting other's bets. A Texas Holdem cash game is played on a single table with 2 to 10 players. This rule may be obvious to some readers, but it’s important we cover. 1. 01/$0. 4. For example, a short-handed (6-max. On paper you win more hands with A-Q than with 8-9 suited. A 3-Bet is the act of reraising a pot preflop that has already been raised by another player. This text covers the mathematics required to master judgments in no-limit hold ’em cash games. This version of Texas hold’em is “no limit lite. Instead of going through the fundamentals of the game, Negreanu provides you with play-by-play insights to help you play better and win more cash games and tournaments. 75 until November 27, 2023 . Betting on the flop between you and a single opponent results in you being all in with the pot totalling $200. Because of the many poker variants and the many poker event types, you'll find vast amounts of poker strategy resources. If you are dealt 99, any card in the deck goes from having a 2/50 = 4% chance of being a 9 to having a 2/34 = 6% chance. 1. The Body Language of Poker (a. While a basic TAG strategy works like a charm against recreational players, it does come at a cost, which is the risk of your game becoming overly predictable to players who are actually paying attention. The two most common types of forced bets are blinds and poker ante. One of its most notable attributes is its well-established reputation and a track record of reliability and trustworthiness. Time pot: A set amount is collected from the first pot over a certain amount. The button and blinds move around the table, shifting one spot to the left after every hand. If you were playing high stakes, typical tight, blind stealing and squeezing, games then I would suggest "Winning in Tough Hold 'em Games: Short-Handed and High-Stakes Concepts and Theory for Limit Hold 'em" by Nick "Stoxtrader" Grudzien, but this book would be useless. In this video, I discuss 5 tips to help you beat small stakes cash games! To get my Ultimate Cash Game Bundle for over 90% off, check out: I have taught MANY poker students how to CRUSH live poker cash games! But I see a lot of comments asking what poker strategy will help you beat small stakes. by carlcarlsoniv | Oct 18, 2023 | Featured Poker Strategy Articles, Poker Videos. The squeeze play is one of the most powerful plays in Hold’em. Below find everything you need to know about playing Texas Holdem online, from the best Holdem sites to basic Hold’em rules, hand rankings and strategy tips for beginners. In Pot Limit. 10 Quick Poker Strategy Tips. Effective Stacks $200. Not all 4-bet situations are the same, so let’s break this section down into two scenarios. As you might expect, 6-Max poker games feature a maximum of six players at a table. Hold'em Membership PLO Launch Pad by Dylan Weisman The End Boss System by Doug Polk & Fabian Adler Road To Victory by Darren Elias & Nick Petrangelo Smash Live Cash by Nick Petranglo Elite Cash Game Exploits by Uri Peleg Advanced Cash Game Strategy by Alex 'Kanu7' Millar Advanced PLO Mastery by Dylan Weisman. Ignition Casino stands out as a top choice for the best online poker for real money casino in the United States for several compelling reasons. Do you guys have any links for a good pre-flop strategy in NLH 6-max cash games, 100BB deep? This includes: Opening ranges; Flat, 3-bet and perhaps 4-bet strategies; BB defending ranges; Even one of the three mentioned above would be really. Poker Strategy. SB bets $6, Doug calls. 1. You're better off playing 7-9 into A-K than K-Q, K-J, A-Q, A-J, A-T or K-T. 3 Concepts That Should Shape Your Postflop Strategy in 2021 (Positional, Range, and Nut Advantage) These concepts are essential for every poker player to understand. A straight beats three-of-a-kind, as well as every other hand below that in the poker hand rankings. For Texas Hold'em tournament strategy, there exists a whole set of other poker tournament tips. a. Play fewer hands. Here you can find over 500 poker strategy articles across all skill and experience levels to help you improve your game both in live- and online poker. Because of this, you need to be ready to make drastic adjustments to your big blind defending range as your pot odds change from spot to spot. When I say “buy-in,” I mean 100 big blinds (bb) which is the maximum amount that you can put on the table in most online cash games. Push/Fold is a common strategy used in tournaments in which you either go all-in preflop or fold. Preflop Mistake #1: Limping. Don't jump up in stakes unless you are properly bankrolled to do so. Using Chart #1, we want to call to encourage additional players to enter the pot. Many lower-limit cash games play passively while tournaments have heightened aggression due to the increasing blind levels. Heads up cash game specialists typically experience variance in excess of 150 big blinds per 100. -6 a. 84. But it is the ideal book for the game you describe. Play. Example #2: Hero Travels to Play a Tournament. This is the single most common mistake that new players make at the poker table. Don't overcomplicate the game. The aim of playing an ABC style of poker is to minimise tricky decisions. Ace-Ten suited is a strong hand, ranking in about the top 12% of preflop hands. The author emphasizes exploitative play in live poker and clarifies how you should play poker against “flawless” rivals. The math of short stacking is that when your stack is small (or when you are up against only short-stacked opponents), your risk to reward ratio in any given pot is less. The problem is that there are two ways to win a pot in No-Limit Hold’em: 1. Time Collection. Doug recorded the match and analyzed notable hands in an 11-part video series for his. And. This section focuses exclusively on poker strategy for No-limit Hold’em cash games. 10/0. Take a look at this short example: Player A stack size: $50;After laying out the general concepts behind deep-stack cash game play, Harrington shows you a complete strategy for post-flop play, and then teaches you the difference between post-flop play against a single opponent and post-flop play against multiple opponents. Most low limit players have a strategy and stick to it, but they change that strategy up periodically. And so on. Without players having to put money or chips on the line regardless of their cards, there’d be nothing to fight for and no motivation to play anything but premium hands, which would make this game very dull. For online players, I recommend PokerTracker 4 or HoldEm Manager. . 3 Hand Examples That Will Help You Overbet Better. Overbetting is a strategy that is used by all of the world’s best players. You’ve drawn a strong hand if you make a straight, but straights are more common than four-of-a-kind, full houses, and flushes. Each player is dealt two hole. This is the betting structure that works best with Omaha poker, so it has become the standard while No Limit games are rare. Jun 30, 2013. This is when the dealer distributes two face down cards to each player. Learning cash game strategy can rapidly improve your performance as a professional poker player. ) no-limit Texas Hold’em cash game player can play from a smaller bankroll than can a pot-limit Omaha cash game player because PLO tends to have wider swings. Lesson No. There are two remaining players. The result is 95 interactive charts that give Lab members the ultimate tool for preflop strategy. The 2-5 No Limit Hold’em level of cash games, is the beginning point where a significant amount of money can be made. ; In Omaha poker a hand such as A♠A♥7♦6♦ will only beat K♥K♠Q♥J♠ 59. If you normally raise to 2. The three first positions to act, UTG (Under the Gun), UTG+1 & UTG+2 don’t exist in 6-max, which means we only have players to act before the two blinds. Buy Now. Click to jump to an in-depth explanation of the rule: Increase your preflop raise size when there is a weak player in the blinds. 5. You’ll not only find the basics of Pot-Limit Omaha, but also expert tips from some of the best Omaha Poker strategists. When constructing an ‘optimal’ poker strategy, we strive to make each decision at a certain frequency (e. 00 stack. 5 -10. In 6+ Hold’em, it is 50% easier to find those set making cards. If a player who only raises big hands raises, you have to put them on a big hand. Join the preferred table while meeting the minimum buy-in and start playing. This means folding AJ in first position, KT in middle position and QT in late position. If tight-passive players check-raise you on a king-high flop, they very likely have at least a king in their. Here are eight tips to help you dominate your home game (these tips are for a basic No-Limit Hold'em cash game ): 1. #10. 50 in cash games, including rake. What exactly is inside the course? 20 hours of live poker strategy videos backed by Nick's in-depth research and decade of experience playing at the highest levels. Bring food or drinks. My free poker cheat. Each cash situation is imagined in the context of a game with fixed blind levels and the ability to always top up your stack. Knowing these positions is vital because your preflop strategy should change depending on your. 25BB open has to pick up the pot less than half of the time to show an immediate profit. Bankroll Management for Heads Up Poker. All the best poker apps are optimized with intuitive lobbies, multi-tabling opportunities and easy-tap check, raise and fold buttons. While this has some to do with which stakes you’ll play, it has more to do with picking a table within those stakes. One day, that could happen for you. 01/$0. In this article I am going to discuss three rules for maximizing your success in loose low stakes cash games. In a $2/$4 limit game, for example, the antes are usually $0. 5 blind raise with antes in the pot (and no callers), the. In Texas hold'em, a hand such as A♥A♠ is an 82. Tip #2: Semi-bluff with backdoor draws on the flop and prepare to bet big on the turn. 4. A short guide to adopting a loose-aggressive (LAG) style in no-limit hold’em cash games or tournaments, with added tips for how to play against LAG players. throughout the week, currently offers cash games with stakes at $1/$3 and higher in both no-limit Hold’em and pot-limit Omaha. Texas Holdem Poker Vlog. m. Open limping is when a player just calls the big blind pre-flop, and is the first player to enter the pot. Learn hand rankings, table positions & the best poker tips all from one. For example, if you want to play a Hold ’em cash game, you can play with blinds of $1 and $2 (commonly called a $1/$2 game). This means when you are down to 10 or 20 big blinds in a cash game or a poker tournament by the way. While there are many things that add up to good poker strategy, we feel that these are the Top Five for new or intermediate players. For example, in a $0. Others allow the button to straddle, or straddles in larger or. If you want fresher content, make sure to check strategy articles on our site, and I am sure you will find plenty of useful content. Select the “Cash” tab from the poker room lobby and view the available tables. Poker is a complex game. Hold'em Membership PLO Launch Pad by Dylan Weisman The End Boss System by Doug Polk & Fabian Adler Road To Victory by Darren Elias & Nick Petrangelo Smash Live Cash by Nick Petranglo Elite Cash Game Exploits by Uri Peleg Advanced Cash Game Strategy by Alex 'Kanu7' Millar Advanced PLO Mastery by Dylan Weisman. DECISION POINT: It's a $1/$2 no-limit hold'em cash game. In this format of the game, you are only allowed to bet as much as is in the pot. 50 per game may not sound like a lot, if you play well and win that amount on average everyMistake #4: Playing Too Passively Postflop. This structure wouldn’t be quite so fun in regular holdem so some modifications have been made to the rules to entice pre-flop action and create an ever-changing dynamic game. So leave multi-tabling for the future, stick with one table, and try to absorb all the information you can get. This is a very bad strategy to use for a number of reasons. In a 9-handed cash game, the standard open-raise size is usually around 3 blinds. Learning cash game strategy can rapidly improve your performance. No-Limit Texas Holdem Cash Game Strategy. Establish which color is worth which amount and attempt to stick with it if you are running a regular game. I’m devoting a few articles to give you a taste for my recipe to conquer everyday cash games. What’s more, free play will allow you to begin to assemble the core of a Texas Hold’em cash game strategy, not an advanced one – but the start of one. X. 36% favourite over K♥K♠ before the flop hits the board. We earn a commission if you make a purchase, at no additional cost. I am planning on building a poker bot. " Learn how to plat short deck poker online. 05/$0. (No Limit Hold’em) Miscellaneous Notes.